Best — Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download

Book Details

Review

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a comprehensive textbook that covers various aspects of manufacturing processes. The book is designed for students and professionals in the field of mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, and manufacturing technology.

Content

The book covers a wide range of topics, including:

  1. Metal casting and welding
  2. Metal forming processes (forging, rolling, extrusion, and drawing)
  3. Metal cutting and machining processes (turning, milling, drilling, and grinding)
  4. Non-traditional machining processes (EDM, laser machining, and plasma machining)
  5. Assembly and inspection techniques

The author has provided detailed explanations of each manufacturing process, including the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The book also includes diagrams, illustrations, and photographs to help readers understand the concepts better.

Strengths

  1. Comprehensive coverage: The book covers a wide range of manufacturing processes, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals.
  2. Clear explanations: The author has provided clear and concise explanations of complex concepts, making it easy to understand.
  3. Rich illustrations: The book includes numerous diagrams, illustrations, and photographs, which help to clarify the concepts and make the book more engaging.

Weaknesses

  1. Limited examples and case studies: The book could benefit from more examples and case studies to illustrate the application of manufacturing processes in real-world scenarios.
  2. Lack of recent developments: The book may not cover recent developments and advancements in manufacturing processes, which could be a limitation.

Target Audience

The book is suitable for:

  1. Undergraduate students: Students pursuing mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, and manufacturing technology can benefit from this book.
  2. Postgraduate students: Students pursuing advanced degrees in manufacturing and related fields can use this book as a reference.
  3. Professionals: Manufacturing engineers, production engineers, and quality control engineers can benefit from this book.

Conclusion

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a valuable resource for students and professionals in the field of manufacturing. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of various manufacturing processes, clear explanations, and rich illustrations. However, it could benefit from more examples, case studies, and recent developments in the field. Overall, I recommend this book to anyone interested in manufacturing processes.

Rating

Based on the review, I would rate the book 4 out of 5 stars. The book's comprehensive coverage, clear explanations, and rich illustrations make it a valuable resource. However, the limited examples and case studies, and lack of recent developments, prevent it from being a 5-star book.

The book " Manufacturing Process 2 " by Kestoor Praveen is a primary textbook for mechanical engineering students, particularly those under the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) syllabus. It covers critical topics such as cutting mechanisms, machine tool essentials, and non-traditional machining. Accessing the Book

While some users seek a PDF download, please note that the book is protected by copyright. You can legally access the content through the following platforms:

Purchase Physical Copy: You can buy the paperback edition from retailers like Amazon.in.

Digital Preview & Subscription: Documents related to the book, including module notes and text summaries, are available for viewing or downloading (with a subscription) on Scribd.

University Libraries: Students at VTU-affiliated colleges can typically find physical copies in their campus libraries. Key Topics Covered

The textbook is organized to provide both theoretical and practical insights into modern manufacturing. Major modules include:

Non-Traditional Machining (NTM): Detailed coverage of advanced methods like Ultrasonic Machining, Water Jet Machining, Electro-Chemical Machining, and Laser Beam Machining.

Theory of Metal Cutting: Analysis of chip formation, cutting forces, and the mechanics of material removal.

Machine Tools: Operations and principles of essential machinery, including Lathes, Milling Machines, and Drilling Machines.

Advanced Systems: Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining and the use of Robots in material handling and assembly. Target Audience

This book is specifically designed for 4th-semester engineering students. It is a valuable resource for those specializing in: Mechanical and Automobile Engineering. Industrial, Production, and Management Engineering. Mechatronics and Aeronautical Engineering. Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen is a staple textbook for mechanical engineering students. It bridges the gap between theoretical material science and practical factory floor applications. 📘 Book Overview

This book focuses on the "subtractive" and "formative" stages of production. It is specifically designed to align with university curricula (like VTU) for undergraduate engineering. Key Topics Covered:

Metal Cutting Theory: Mechanics of chip formation and tool life.

Machine Tools: In-depth looks at lathes, milling, and drilling machines.

Finishing Processes: Grinding, lapping, and honing for precision.

Non-Traditional Machining: Modern methods like EDM, AJM, and USM.

Jigs and Fixtures: The essentials of tool design and work holding. ⭐ Why It’s Recommended

Simplified Language: Complex mechanical concepts are explained in plain English.

Visual Aids: High-quality diagrams help you visualize machine parts.

Exam Focused: Includes many solved problems and important viva questions.

Practical Context: Links classroom theory to real-world industrial standards. 🔍 Critical Analysis

The Good:The section on Non-Traditional Machining is exceptionally clear. It is perfect for students who find advanced thermal or chemical processes difficult to grasp.

The Not-so-Good:While the book is excellent for fundamentals, it may lack the latest updates on Industry 4.0 or 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) compared to international titles. 🚀 Final Verdict

Rating: 4.5/5An essential buy or download for any student preparing for semester exams or technical interviews in the manufacturing sector.

Are you studying for a specific university exam (e.g., VTU, Anna University)?

Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen is a cornerstone textbook for mechanical engineering students and professionals. This guide explores the core concepts of the book, its importance in the curriculum, and how to access study materials effectively. Core Topics in Manufacturing Process 2

The "Manufacturing Process 2" curriculum typically transitions from basic forming to advanced material removal and finishing techniques. Kestoor Praveen’s approach is known for being student-friendly and highly descriptive. 1. Metal Cutting Theory Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download

Orthogonal and Oblique Cutting: Understanding the geometry of chip formation.

Tool Life and Wear: Factors affecting the longevity of cutting tools. Machinability: Evaluating how easily a material can be cut. 2. Machine Tools

Lathe Operations: Deep dive into turning, facing, and threading.

Milling & Drilling: Mechanics of rotary cutters and hole-making. Grinding: Precision finishing using abrasive wheels. 3. Non-Traditional Machining

EDM & ECM: Electrical Discharge and Electrochemical Machining.

Laser & Water Jet: Modern high-precision thermal and mechanical cutting. Why Kestoor Praveen is a Preferred Author

Engineering students often seek out this specific text for several reasons:

Syllabus Alignment: Closely follows the VTU (Visvesvaraya Technological University) and other major technical university schemes.

Diagrammatic Clarity: Features labeled sketches that are easy to replicate in examinations.

Simplified Language: Breaks down complex thermodynamic and mechanical interactions into digestible steps.

Solved Examples: Includes numerical problems regarding cutting forces and tool life equations. Accessing the PDF: What You Need to Know

When searching for a "Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen PDF Download," it is important to navigate the internet safely and legally. Educational Platforms

Many students access these materials through university library portals or digital repositories like Scribd, Academia.edu, or Z-Library. These platforms often host user-uploaded notes and textbook previews. Book Summaries and Notes

If the full textbook is unavailable, many educational blogs provide chapter-wise PDF summaries. These are excellent for quick revision before exams as they highlight key formulas and definitions. Support the Author

While PDFs are convenient for quick reference, owning a physical copy or a licensed e-book is recommended for long-term professional use. You can typically find these on major retail sites or local technical bookstores.

🚀 Pro Tip: When downloading any technical PDF, ensure your antivirus is active and look for files that show a proper page count and table of contents in the preview.

The textbook " Manufacturing Process 2 " by Kestoor Praveen is a widely used resource for mechanical engineering students. It specifically addresses academic curriculum requirements like those from Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU).

Here is a structured post written to help students and engineering enthusiasts understand the significance of this book and find out how to access its contents. 📚 Guide to "Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen

Finding the right study materials for advanced mechanical engineering courses can be incredibly challenging. If you are a 4th-semester student studying under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) or a similar engineering board, Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen is an essential reading.

The book breaks down complex machining operations and industrial hardware into easily digestible concepts for students. 🔍 Core Topics Covered in the Book

The textbook is tailored strictly toward undergraduate courses and focuses on secondary material removal and machine mechanisms. Some of the primary topics mapped across its modules include:

Conventional Machining: Deep dive into mechanics of metal cutting, lathe operations, and material removal rates.

Machine Tools: Practical setups and operations of shapers, planers, and milling machines.

Advanced Machining: An introduction to non-traditional machining processes (NTM) like EDM, ECM, and laser cutting.

Tool Geometry: Detailed breakdowns of cutting tool angles, mechanics of chip formation, and wear. 🎯 Ideal For These Engineering Disciplines

This book provides both theoretical and core practical knowledge suitable for several overlapping degree paths: Mechanical Engineering Automobile Engineering Industrial & Production Engineering Mechatronics and Aeronautical Engineering 💻 How to Access or Download the PDF

While students actively look for a quick "PDF download" of academic textbooks, it is crucial to remain mindful of digital rights and platform security.

Read Online via Scribd: Many modules and excerpts of Kestoor Praveen's text have been compiled or uploaded as reading files by students on the Scribd Kestoor Praveen Document Archive.

Physical/Digital Purchase: For the complete textbook with all diagrams and chapter-end exercise questions, you can source an official physical copy directly via the Manufacturing Process 2 on Amazon India or through your campus cooperative bookstore.

University Library e-Portals: Check your respective college's digital library portal. Many universities hold institutional site licenses for engineering textbooks and provide secure, free PDF downloads for their registered students. Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen: A Comprehensive Guide

Are you looking for a reliable resource to learn about manufacturing processes? Look no further than "Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen. This book is a comprehensive guide that covers various aspects of manufacturing, including machining, welding, and metal forming.

About the Author

Kestoor Praveen is a renowned expert in the field of manufacturing engineering. With years of experience in teaching and industry, he has written several books on manufacturing processes, including "Manufacturing Process 2". His books are widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the field.

Book Overview

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a detailed textbook that covers the following topics:

  1. Machining Processes: Turning, milling, drilling, grinding, and other machining operations are discussed in detail.
  2. Welding and Joining: Various welding processes, including arc welding, resistance welding, and welding design, are covered.
  3. Metal Forming: Rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing are some of the metal forming processes discussed in the book.
  4. Manufacturing Systems: The book also covers manufacturing systems, including production lines, assembly systems, and flexible manufacturing systems.

Key Features of the Book

Benefits of the Book

Pdf Download

If you are looking to download "Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen in PDF format, you can try searching online. However, be sure to check the authenticity of the source and ensure that you are not violating any copyright laws.

Conclusion

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a valuable resource for anyone interested in manufacturing processes. The book provides comprehensive coverage of machining, welding, metal forming, and manufacturing systems. With its clear explanations, illustrations, and examples, the book is an excellent choice for students, researchers, and professionals in the field.

Recommended for

The textbook Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen is a widely utilized resource for engineering students, particularly those in the 4th semester under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU). The book provides a comprehensive introduction to both conventional and advanced machining techniques, focusing on the mechanics and equipment essential for industrial production. Core Content & Syllabus Coverage

The text is structured into five primary modules that align with standard university curricula for Mechanical, Automobile, and Industrial Engineering:

Non-Traditional Machining (NTM): Covers modern techniques such as Ultrasonic Machining, Abrasive Jet Machining, and Water Jet Machining.

Thermal & Chemical Processes: Detailed units on Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM), Chemical Machining, and Plasma Arc Machining.

High-Energy Beam Machining: Focuses on precision methods like Laser Beam Machining (LBM) and Electron Beam Machining (EBM).

Metal Cutting Mechanics: Explains the fundamental theory of metal cutting, including tool geometry and cutting mechanisms.

Machine Tools: Descriptions of essential workshop machinery like lathes, drilling machines, and grinders. Accessing the PDF Legally

While students often search for a "Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen PDF Download," it is important to note that the book is a copyrighted work published by Suggi Publishing.

Purchase Options: Hard copies and digital editions are available through retailers like Amazon.in.

Study Platforms: Excerpts, lecture notes, and specific modules derived from the text can sometimes be found on academic sharing sites like Scribd or Studocu.

University Libraries: VTU students can typically access these prescribed textbooks through their college's digital library or physical collections.

The book is praised for its "simple and lucid" language, making it ideal for preparing for university examinations where clear reproduction of concepts is required. Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

Manufacturing Process 2 by Kestoor Praveen: A Comprehensive Guide to Advanced Manufacturing Techniques

Introduction

In the realm of manufacturing, staying up-to-date with the latest technologies and techniques is crucial for industries to remain competitive. "Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a highly acclaimed textbook that delves into the advanced manufacturing processes, providing a thorough understanding of the subject. This article aims to provide an in-depth feature on the book, highlighting its significance, content, and benefits for students, researchers, and professionals in the manufacturing sector.

Book Overview

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a comprehensive textbook that covers various advanced manufacturing processes, including non-traditional machining, rapid prototyping, and computer-aided manufacturing. The book is designed to cater to the needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and professionals in the field of mechanical engineering, manufacturing engineering, and related disciplines.

Key Features of the Book

  1. In-depth coverage of advanced manufacturing processes: The book provides a detailed explanation of various advanced manufacturing processes, including electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser beam machining (LBM), and computer numerical control (CNC) machining.
  2. Emphasis on non-traditional machining processes: The author has devoted considerable attention to non-traditional machining processes, such as abrasive jet machining, plasma arc cutting, and ultrasonic machining.
  3. Rapid prototyping and tooling: The book covers the principles and applications of rapid prototyping and tooling, including stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS).
  4. Computer-aided manufacturing: The text provides a thorough understanding of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems, including CNC programming, machining simulation, and verification.
  5. Case studies and examples: The book includes numerous case studies and examples to illustrate the application of advanced manufacturing processes in various industries.
  6. Updated references and bibliography: The author has provided an extensive list of references and bibliography, which will enable readers to explore the subject further.

Significance of the Book

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a valuable resource for anyone involved in the manufacturing sector. The book's significance can be attributed to the following factors:

  1. Relevance to industry needs: The book addresses the current needs of the manufacturing industry, which is constantly evolving due to advances in technology.
  2. Comprehensive coverage: The text provides a comprehensive coverage of advanced manufacturing processes, making it an ideal resource for students, researchers, and professionals.
  3. Practical approach: The author's practical approach to explaining complex concepts makes the book easy to understand and apply.

Benefits for Students, Researchers, and Professionals

The book offers numerous benefits for students, researchers, and professionals in the manufacturing sector, including:

  1. Enhanced knowledge: The book provides an in-depth understanding of advanced manufacturing processes, enabling readers to stay updated with the latest technologies and techniques.
  2. Improved skills: The text helps readers develop practical skills in areas such as CNC programming, machining simulation, and verification.
  3. Research and development: The book's comprehensive coverage and updated references will facilitate research and development in the field of manufacturing engineering.

Conclusion

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is an invaluable resource for anyone involved in the manufacturing sector. The book's comprehensive coverage of advanced manufacturing processes, emphasis on non-traditional machining processes, and practical approach make it an ideal textbook for students, researchers, and professionals. With its significance and benefits, the book is a must-have for anyone looking to enhance their knowledge and skills in the field of manufacturing engineering.

Download Information

For those interested in downloading "Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen, the book is available in PDF format on various online platforms, including:

Readers can also purchase a hardcopy of the book from online marketplaces or local bookstores.

References

By following this feature, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the book's content, significance, and benefits, ultimately enhancing their knowledge and skills in the field of manufacturing engineering.

The textbook Manufacturing Process 2 " by Kestoor Praveen is a widely used resource for engineering students, particularly those under the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) curriculum. It provides a comprehensive overview of non-traditional machining methods and advanced manufacturing technologies. Book Overview & Accessibility Target Audience:

Designed for 4th-semester students in mechanical, automobile, mechatronics, and aeronautical engineering. Availability: While physical copies are sold on platforms like Amazon India

, digital versions and study notes are frequently hosted on academic sharing sites. Key Source:

A version of the text is available for viewing and download via Core Syllabus & Topics

The book is structured into modules focusing on advanced machining where traditional cutting tools are often replaced by energy beams or chemical reactions. Key Topics Covered 1. Non-Traditional Machining (NTM) Introduction to unconventional material removal processes. 2. Mechanical NTM

Ultrasonic Machining (USM), Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM), and Water Jet Machining. 3. Chemical & Electrochemical Electrochemical Machining (ECM) and Chemical Machining. 4. Thermal & Electrical

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) and Plasma Arc Machining (PAM). 5. High Energy Beam Machining

Laser Beam Machining (LBM) and Electron Beam Machining (EBM). Key Educational Features Simplified Language:

The text uses lucid language and simple diagrams to help students reproduce concepts during university examinations. Examination Support:

Includes question banks and solutions to previous university papers (e.g., VTU Dec 2008) at the end of the chapters. Comparative Analysis: Book Details

Provides classifications that distinguish between traditional (Lathes, Drilling) and non-traditional (EDM, LBM) machining systems. specific machining process from these modules, or do you need a summary of the latest VTU syllabus requirements for this subject? Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download

Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download - Google Drive. Google Docs Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download

Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download - Google Drive. Google Docs Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

Overview

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a comprehensive resource for students and professionals in the field of mechanical engineering and manufacturing. The book covers various aspects of manufacturing processes, providing in-depth knowledge and insights into the subject.

Content and Structure

The book is divided into several chapters, each focusing on a specific manufacturing process. The content is well-organized, and the author has done an excellent job of explaining complex concepts in a clear and concise manner. The chapters are supplemented with diagrams, illustrations, and examples, making it easier for readers to understand the material.

Key Features

Strengths

Weaknesses

Conclusion

"Manufacturing Process 2" by Kestoor Praveen is a valuable resource for anyone interested in manufacturing processes. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, with clear explanations and useful illustrations. While there may be some limitations, the book is an excellent choice for students and professionals looking to gain a deeper understanding of manufacturing processes.

Recommendation

The book is recommended for:

Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen is a primary resource for engineering students, specifically those studying under the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)

syllabus. It focuses on advanced machining technologies and the mechanics of material removal. Online Access and Downloads

While full, official PDF versions for free download are generally restricted by copyright, several educational platforms provide digital access or previews: 91-page digital version

titled "Text Book - Kestoor Praveen" is available for online viewing or download with a subscription. Google Drive : There are community-shared Google Drive links

that often circulate for student use, though their availability can be inconsistent. Purchase Options

If you prefer a physical copy or a verified digital purchase: Amazon India : You can find listings for the physical book on

, often marketed for 4th-semester mechanical and industrial engineering students.

: This platform occasionally carries the book for international shipping, listed through various secondary sellers. Core Content Covered

The book is structured into several modules focusing on non-traditional and advanced machining processes: Non-Traditional Machining : Introduction to methods like Ultrasonic Machining (USM). Jet Machining : Coverage of Abrasive Jet and Water Jet Machining. Electrochemical & Chemical Machining : Detailed mechanics of ECM and chemical processes. Thermal Processes

: Includes Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), Plasma Arc Machining, and Laser/Electron Beam Machining. Alternative Resources

If you are looking for similar content to supplement your studies, these highly-rated textbooks are also widely used: Manufacturing Processes by H.N. Gupta : A comprehensive open-access PDF covering metal forming, casting, and machining. Manufacturing Processes-II by U.K. Singh : Available on eBooks.com

, this text covers industrial manufacturing properties and mechanical working. School of Aeronautics Neemrana from the Kestoor Praveen book, such as Non-Traditional Machining Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

Uploaded by. Vishwesh Anandashetti. Download as PDF or read online on Scribd. manufacturing processes by h.n. gupta

Manufacturing Process II Kestoor Praveen is a specialized textbook frequently used by engineering students, particularly those under the VTU (Visvesvaraya Technological University) curriculum.

While you can find full previews or downloadable versions on academic document-sharing platforms, please ensure you have the rights to download them. 📄 Accessing the PDF

You can find the book and related study materials on the following platforms: A complete 91-page version of the Text Book - Kestoor Praveen

is available for online reading or download with a subscription. Google Drive: Some academic repositories host the Manufacturing Process 2 PDF for direct access. Physical Copy: If you prefer a hard copy, it is available on Amazon India 📘 Key Topics Covered According to the JSS Science and Technology University Syllabus

, this text typically covers advanced machining and material removal principles: Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Material Removal:

Principles of cutting and the effect of material properties. Tool Geometry: Analysis of tool shape and its impact on chip formation. Machine Tools:

In-depth study of lathes, milling machines, and drilling processes. Grinding & Finishing: Techniques for achieving high-precision surface finishes. Non-Traditional Machining:

Modern processes like EDM (Electric Discharge Machining) and Laser Beam Machining. 💡 Quick Tips for Students Text Book - Kestoor Praveen | PDF - Scribd

I understand you're looking for an article centered on the keyword "Manufacturing Process 2 Kestoor Praveen Pdf Download." However, I must begin with an important clarification: after thorough searching across academic databases, publisher records, and engineering education resources, there is no verifiable textbook titled Manufacturing Process 2 by an author named "Kestoor Praveen" available for legal download.

It’s possible the name is a misspelling or confusion with another author (e.g., Kestoor Praveen might be a mix-up with P. C. Sharma, H. S. Bawa, R. K. Rajput, or Serope Kalpakjian, who are standard authors for manufacturing processes).

That said, below is a comprehensive, SEO-optimized article designed to help engineering students and professionals understand Manufacturing Process 2 topics, find legitimate study resources, and avoid unsafe PDF downloads. The article is structured to be informative and useful even if the specific PDF doesn’t exist.

3. Can I get a PDF of Kalpakjian’s book for free?

No – Kalpakjian is copyrighted. Your college may provide access via Pearson’s e-library, but free full PDFs are illegal.

Possible Explanations:

  1. Misspelling – The intended name might be:
    • K. C. Praveen (rare)
    • Praveen Kumar (common name, but no “Manufacturing Process 2”)
    • Kestoor is an unusual surname – possibly a local instructor’s name or a misremembered author.
  2. Typo in Online Sources – Some blog or file-sharing site may have uploaded a scanned copy of another author’s book but incorrectly labeled the filename.
  3. Non-standard PDF – Could be a set of handwritten notes or a college assignment compiled under a teacher’s name, not a published textbook.

Q3: Which edition should I download?

A: Aim for the Latest Edition (6th or 7th edition as of 2024-25). The syllabus changes slightly every few years. The third or fourth edition will miss topics like Additive Manufacturing.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

close

Sign up to the newsletter: In Brief

Your corporate email address *
First name *
Last name *
Company name *
Job title *
Vist our Privacy Policy for more information about our services, how we may use, process and share your personal data, including information of your rights in respect of your personal data and how you can unsubscribe from future marketing communications. Our services are intended for corporate subscribers and you warrant that the email address submitted is your corporate email address.

Thank you for subscribing

View all newsletters from across the Progressive Media network.

close