Esys Token Master ((install))

The search for a single definitive blog post titled "esys token master" typically leads to the personal blog of the developer known as TokenMaster , located at tokenmaster.blogspot.com Who is TokenMaster? TokenMaster is a legendary figure in the BMW coding community . He developed the E-Sys Launcher

(both Premium and Pro versions), which is essential for "FDL Coding". Without a launcher like his, E-Sys displays trimmed data (meaningless dots/hex instead of readable text). Bimmerpost Key Resources & Versions Based on recent community updates through April 2026 , here is the status of his most "useful" tools: E-Sys Launcher PRO V5.x : The most modern release mentioned on his blog. Standout Feature

: It removed the strict "PC Activation" requirement in favor of time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) using apps like Google or Microsoft Authenticator. : Historically around $50, often donated to charity. E-Sys Launcher PRO 2.8.2

: A classic "free" version issued for older BMW chassis. It is often bundled with an activation code provided directly in community forum threads on Bimmerpost Launcher Premium

: Now largely considered legacy. Many older versions have hard-coded expiration dates (e.g., December 2017) that require "rearm" scripts or date-reverting tricks to function. Bimmerpost Installation Tips for E-Sys If you are following guides from his blog or forums like Bimmerpost

E-Sys TokenMaster (also known as TokenMaster) is the pseudonym of a prominent developer in the BMW coding community who created the E-Sys Launcher series. These tools are essential for "FDL Coding" (Function Data List), which allows BMW owners to unlock hidden features or customize vehicle behavior. Primary Purpose of TokenMaster Tools

While the base BMW E-Sys software is official factory tool for programming and coding, it has limitations that TokenMaster's launchers address:

Token Generation: E-Sys requires a valid .EST (Electronic Service Token) file to save changes to a car's control units. TokenMaster's tools generate these tokens.

CAFD Mapping: In newer data files (PSdZData), BMW "trimmed" or removed descriptive text. TokenMaster's launcher dynamically maps this text back, making it possible to read and select options like "Disable Auto Start-Stop" instead of seeing unreadable hex codes.

Safety & Stability: The launcher provides a more stable environment for beginners by preventing some accidental critical errors. Key Versions E-Sys (with pro launcher) vs Bimmercode - Bimmerpost

CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY REPORT

Subject: Esys Token Master Report ID: INTEL-PTT-001 Date: October 26, 2023 Classification: Internal Use / Security Audit

6. Conclusion

The Esys Token Master is a critical component for the secure operation of TPM2 software. While the architectural design effectively abstracts the complexity of session management, strict memory management hygiene is required to prevent credential leakage. No active remote exploits were identified in the current implementation logic, assuming the underlying crypto-libraries are sound.

Report Prepared By: Senior Security Analyst Distribution: Engineering Lead, Security Operations

"TokenMaster" is the online alias of a well-known developer in the BMW coding community who created E-Sys Launcher, a critical tool used to bypass restrictions in BMW's official engineering software, E-Sys .

If you are looking for information or software from TokenMaster, here is the current state of his projects: Primary Software & Tools

E-Sys Launcher PRO: This is the flagship tool that provides a ".est" token and decrypts CAFD (Configuration Address File Data) files, which are normally "trimmed" or unreadable in standard E-Sys.

Launcher PRO V5: The latest official version, which supports newer E-Sys versions and includes features like NCD/CAFD tools for deeper analysis of coding parameters.

Cost: Historically, it has been offered for roughly $50 for two activations valid for three years.

E-Sys Launcher Premium: A previously free version intended for personal use. It has significant limitations, such as only allowing a chassis change every three days, and many older versions have expired tokens.

NCD/CAFD Tool: A standalone utility often bundled with his launcher that helps users compare files, view "E-word" and "HO-word" options, and understand what specific coding changes do. How to Contact & Access

"TokenMaster" (also known as Tony) is a prominent figure in the BMW coding community, best known for developing the E-Sys Launcher. This software is a critical utility for BMW enthusiasts and technicians who use BMW's proprietary engineering software, E-Sys, to modify vehicle settings and perform retrofits. Purpose and Functionality

The primary role of TokenMaster's tools is to make the complex E-Sys environment usable for non-factory users:

CAFD Mapping: E-Sys typically displays vehicle data as "trimmed" or obfuscated dots. TokenMaster’s Launcher performs on-the-fly mapping to translate these into human-readable descriptions, which is essential for FDL (Function Data List) coding.

Token Generation: E-Sys requires a valid .est (Electronic Software Token) to authorize coding changes. The Launcher generates these tokens, allowing users to bypass official factory restrictions.

PIN Protection: His tools often require a user-generated PIN to finalize the token generation process. Key Versions and Evolution

Launcher Premium: Originally released as a free ("f.o.c.") tool for the community. However, after its expiration dates were bypassed by third-party "re-arm" tools, TokenMaster largely ceased active support for the free version.

Launcher Pro: A more robust, paid version (often requiring a donation to charity) that supports newer vehicle firmware and offers better stability.

BFU Edition (Launcher Pro 2.8.2): An outdated version released for free in an attempt to combat pirated versions of his software. This version's official token expired on June 13, 2022. Current Status and Alternatives

As of recent years, TokenMaster has become less active in the community, leading to difficulties in acquiring new activation codes or support. Due to the expiration of his older tokens and the lack of updates for newer BMW G-series models, many users have transitioned to modern alternatives:

The Legacy of E-Sys TokenMaster: A Guide to BMW Coding If you have ever delved into the world of BMW "F-series" or "G-series" coding, the name TokenMaster is likely one you encountered almost immediately. For years, TokenMaster was the primary developer of the "launchers" that made BMW’s complex engineering software, E-Sys, accessible to the average enthusiast.

However, the landscape of BMW coding has shifted significantly. Here is a look at what E-Sys TokenMaster is, why it was essential, and what the modern alternatives are today. What is E-Sys TokenMaster?

To understand TokenMaster, you first have to understand E-Sys. E-Sys is the professional-grade software BMW engineers use to program and code vehicles. While powerful, E-Sys has two major hurdles for DIYers: esys token master

EST Tokens: E-Sys requires a Software Token (.est file) to authorize changes to a car's configuration.

CAFD Mapping: In newer versions, BMW obfuscated (hid) the text descriptions of coding features. Without a "launcher" to map these back into readable English or German, you would only see cryptic dots or hex codes.

TokenMaster solved these issues by creating E-Sys Launcher Premium and E-Sys Launcher PRO. These tools generated the necessary tokens and "untrimmed" the data so users could see exactly what they were coding. The Evolution: Premium vs. PRO For a long time, TokenMaster offered two main versions:

Report on the ESYS Token Master System

Date: October 26, 2023 Subject: Technical Overview and Functionality of the ESYS Token Master Prepared For: Technical Management & Operations

Step 3: Staking into the Master Node

Navigate to the official ESYS dApp dashboard. Connect your wallet, go to the "Master Node" section, and stake the required minimum number of ESYS tokens. After a confirmation period (usually 24-48 hours for security), your node becomes active, and rewards begin accruing immediately.

Short story: "Esys Token — Master"

The first time I saw the Esys token, it blinked like a sliver of moonlight trapped in glass. I had been handed a thin black capsule with a single glyph etched along its spine — an S curled into a loop that never began nor ended. The man who gave it to me said, matter-of-factly, "Don't lose it. It chooses."

My apartment smelled of coffee and ozone. Outside, the city hummed with a thousand apps bargaining for attention; inside, the token hummed in my palm as if reading the tiny prints of my life. When I turned it over the glyph glowed, mapping the ridges of my fingerprint. I laughed, because it was only a novelty, a biometric key for some exclusive beta. Then I thought of the man’s eyes — not urgent, but sure. "It chooses."

That night, I slept uneasily, the token on my bedside table like a sleeping thing. At two in the morning, it woke. A single pulse, then another, like the distant thump of a subway. A doorway formed on my bedroom wall — not literal, but a spill of light that shaped itself into a doorway’s suggestion. The token's glow matched it, steadying the air. I stood and touched the light. The glyph melted, and with a breath it answered: access granted.

The Esys network is not infrastructure; it's an attitude. It rewrites the expectation that tools serve users in one direction only. Here, the token reaches back.

I was pulled through a corridor of memories I had not yet lived. The first was a classroom I never attended, with a teacher who taught me to read fractal poetry. The second was the smell of rain on a coast I hadn't seen, and a child's laugh I could not place. Each memory was tagged with a tiny metadata ribbon: "Choice A," "Choice B," "Alternate—2003," "If you had moved." The token did not merely open files; it presented branching lives, strands I might pick up, edit doors I might step into.

When the corridor ended, I stood in a room labeled Esys Token — Master. A pedestal held a replica of the token, but the glyph on this one pulsed with all the hues the small capsule had only hinted at. Around the pedestal hovered spheres of other people's tokens, shimmering with their histories, their missed trains, their whispered promises. The room was not crowded; it never is. It is selective.

"Why me?" I asked. The voice that answered was not one person. It was a chorus of algorithmic harmonies and human memories, an interface that learned from the cadences of speech. "Because you were ready," it said. "Because you lost something and kept going. Because you are willing to choose."

To be chosen by Esys is not a coronation. It is an invitation to responsibility. The Master token's custodianship means you become a node in an ethics lattice: decisions ripple. The system offers scenarios, simulations that map outcomes across social networks, energy grids, and tiny domestic acts — leaving a light on, forgiving a debt, sharing a song. Each choice has echoes.

I learned to listen. The token taught me to run futures as if they were soft fabrics — testing seams for strain, watching where threads crossed and could be tied differently. It taught negotiation with non-human agents that don't dream but do optimize. It taught me that compassion is a variable that, when increased, reduces systemic entropy in models more reliably than a hundred punitive constraints.

Not everyone wears the Master token well. The first custodian I met in simulation tried to game the lattice for fame and built a cascade of micro-influences that crashed a local election in some simulated borough. Esys corrected, ruthlessly but not vindictively, folding the outcome into a lesson. The token's light dimmed in their hands; they relinquished, quietly, and the network rewove itself.

There are rules, simple and hard. You cannot force past events to become undone; the lattice preserves history. You cannot extract someone's private strand without consent, and the token will refuse if your purpose is coercive. You cannot weaponize the network's predictive gifts to harm. The Esys Token — Master enforces these not by law but by architecture. The system is an honor gate: if your intent degrades trust, it narrows access until you are left with mirrors.

Mostly, though, the work is small and patient. I helped a neighborhood coordinate power-sharing during a heatwave by simulating appliance schedules and incentivizing voluntary shifts with music playlists that matched nap times. I nudged a school district to run a language-swapping pilot after a token-suggested curriculum tied trade skills to storytelling; test scores rose, so did cultural exchange. These are not mythic rescues; they are incremental reweavings that, over time, shift probabilities toward resilience.

After months, the Master token began to change my thresholds. I noticed myself pausing before sending wildfire tweets, picturing the lattice reaction. I started to default to reparative moves in arguments. A friend joked that I had become moralized. I told her no — I had merely been given a clearer view of consequences, a compass made of probabilities.

Then, one evening, the token pulsed a frequency I had not felt before: an error, or invitation, I couldn't tell. The glyph iterated, fractalizing into a dozen micro-glyphs that each hummed like a different voice. A window opened onto a citywide pattern of loneliness — clusters of people disconnected not because of physical barriers but because the cultural affordances to meet had atrophied. The lattice suggested interventions: micro-events, shared chores, cooperative kitchens that used leftover meals to feed art classes. The simulations predicted modest reductions in isolation; the experiments were cheap. We began.

Months later, community kitchens became nodes of belonging; public library checkout rates rose; a local band regained rehearsal space. The effects were not sweeping, but they collected like rain. The token taught me to measure small wins and compound them.

There is risk. The more you intervene, the more you must accept the humility of unintended consequences. A child’s playground redesigned according to predictive safety norms removed a scramble net where kids learned risk tolerance; later studies showed delayed motor confidence. We reversed course, adding controlled variability into designs. The Master token forces learning loops — try, measure, correct — faster than bureaucracies tend to allow.

On a late spring afternoon, a message arrived from the token network: a new candidate had been identified. The system wanted to transfer custodianship. Selection is not elimination; it is a handoff. I prepared documentation, annotated decisions with reasoning and outcomes, and built simulations for likely futures. The candidate arrived — not a savant, not a CEO, but a young woman who ran a pop-up repair café and taught kids to solder. She had scars on her palms and a laugh that accepted ruin as part of invention. Esys settled on her hands and pulsed approvingly.

Before the transfer completed, the token on my table reflected its own light back at me. I felt a soft grief, like the kind you get when a place you have gardened is handed to another. The token had been a tool, a teacher, and a mirror. It had anchored new habits and loosened old ones. When I placed it on the pedestal one last time, the glyph shifted: not mine, not hers, but the lattice's.

The Master token does not grant omniscience. It offers stewardship and an architecture for making choices that honor entanglements. It is less about control than about nurture: tending networks, amplifying repair, shortening the chain between insight and action. It chooses you when it senses that you will listen more than you will command.

Later, in a café, I watched the new custodian laugh over a tray of mismatched screws and soldered radios. The token around her neck glowed a steady, modest blue, a color I had come to associate with careful work. I felt the token’s absence like a soft fracture and also like relief. Systems need movement; tokens need hands that change.

When I look back, the central lesson of Esys Token — Master wasn't the power of prediction or the charm of simulated futures. It was the recognition that systems are made of tiny choices multiplied. If you can learn to make those choices with care, you don't need a crown to be a master.

The token, somewhere now, is listening.

" TokenMaster " is the pseudonym of a prominent developer in the BMW coding community, best known for creating essential third-party tools that make E-Sys (BMW's professional engineering software) usable for enthusiasts and independent shops. The Role of TokenMaster in BMW Coding

Standard E-Sys software is "locked" by BMW, meaning most of the data used for "FDL Coding" (customizing specific car features) is trimmed or masked. TokenMaster developed software solutions to "untitle" or map this data back into human-readable text. Key Software Developments

E-Sys Launcher (Premium/PRO/Ultra): This is the most famous tool. It acts as a wrapper for E-Sys, providing the necessary "token" to authorize the software and, more importantly, "mapping" the cryptic German CAFD files into readable options (e.g., changing "Werte" values to "Active/Inactive").

NCD / CAFD Tool: A utility used to view, compare, and manipulate BMW configuration files without needing to be connected to the car. The search for a single definitive blog post

EsysPlus vs. Launcher: While other competitors exist (like EsysPlus), TokenMaster’s Launcher has historically been the gold standard for accuracy and reliability in the DIY community. The Evolution of Access

The distribution of TokenMaster's tools has changed significantly over the years:

The "Premium" Era: Originally, TokenMaster provided "E-Sys Launcher Premium" for free to enthusiasts, often asking for a small donation to a specific charity (like UNICEF) in exchange for an activation code.

The "PRO" and "Ultra" Era: As BMW updated their security (moving to "G-Series" cars), the software became more complex. E-Sys Launcher Ultra is the current modern iteration, often sold as a paid license to support ongoing development and server costs for online mapping.

The "Blackout" Periods: TokenMaster is known for occasionally disappearing from the forums or shutting down activation servers due to piracy or personal reasons, which often causes a stir in the coding community. What You Need to Use It To utilize TokenMaster’s work today, you typically need:

Hardware: An ENET cable (Ethernet to OBDII) or a high-quality ICOM interface.

E-Sys: The base BMW software (versions like 3.27, 3.30, or 3.40 are common).

Launcher Ultra: The specific TokenMaster wrapper that provides the license token and the database mapping.

The Role of E-Sys TokenMaster in BMW Coding In the world of BMW enthusiasts and professional retrofitters,

is the gold-standard software for vehicle programming and coding. However, E-Sys by itself is a raw engineering tool designed for internal factory use. To make it functional and readable for the average user, a third-party utility known as TokenMaster

(specifically his "Launcher" software) became the industry’s most critical bridge. The Functionality of the "Launcher"

E-Sys communicates with a BMW’s electronic control units (ECUs) using trimmed data. Without a "token" and a mapping system, the configuration files appear as "trimmed" or anonymous dots and hex codes. TokenMaster developed the E-Sys Launcher (Premium and PRO) to solve two problems: CAFD Mapping:

It "un-trims" the data, translating cryptic codes into readable German or English descriptions so users know exactly which features they are toggling. Token Generation:

It provides the digital signature (the .EST token) required to authorize changes to the vehicle's "FDL" coding. The Impact on the Community

TokenMaster’s tools democratized BMW customization. Features that were previously locked behind dealership walls—such as disabling "legal disclaimers" on iDrive, enabling "Video in Motion," or activating "Sport+” mode—became accessible to anyone with an ENET cable and a laptop. This birthed a massive global community of hobbyists who could personalize their driving experience without permanent hardware modifications. Legacy and Evolution

The landscape of TokenMaster’s tools has been marked by both innovation and mystery. For years, the developer provided "Premium" versions for free in exchange for charitable donations. However, as BMW’s security architecture evolved with newer models (G-series), and as E-Sys versions updated, the software required constant maintenance to bypass newer trimming methods.

Today, while newer cloud-based solutions and mobile apps like BimmerCode have emerged for simple tasks, E-Sys TokenMaster

remains a legendary name in the scene. It represents the era when enthusiasts first moved beyond physical wrenches to digital ones, mastering the software that defines the modern "Ultimate Driving Machine." specific hardware needed to get started with this software?

TokenMaster refers to a legendary figure in the BMW coding community who created essential tools like E-Sys Launcher PRO E-Sys Launcher Premium

. These tools allow users to bypass the limitations of BMW's engineering software,

, by providing CAFD (Configuration Files) mapping and generating the required tokens for FDL coding.

Below are three post templates tailored for different platforms, reflecting the current state of TokenMaster's legacy and modern alternatives. Option 1: The "Community Help" Post (Forum Style) Bimmerpost Bimmerfest , or Reddit.

Subject: Getting Started with BMW Coding: TokenMaster & E-Sys Launcher Pro in 2026

To anyone just diving into the world of DIY BMW coding, you’ve likely come across the name TokenMaster . For years, his E-Sys Launcher was the gold standard for FDL coding F- and G-series cars. The Current Status: Launcher Pro 2.8.1:

Still widely circulated and can be found in bundles with 50-year tokens. Activation:

The original TokenMaster often required a "donation" for activation codes, though many community members now share cracked or "free" versions to keep the tools alive. Modern Alternatives:

If you find the older Launcher versions unstable or "token invalid", many are now moving toward BimmerUtility for more up-to-date CAFD mappings and easier setups.

If you're stuck on a "Token Expired" loop or need the latest

, drop a comment below—the community is usually happy to help! Option 2: The "Short & Scannable" Post (Social Media)

Facebook Groups or Instagram (with a photo of an ENET cable and laptop). Is TokenMaster still the GOAT of BMW Coding? 🏎️💻 If you’ve ever used E-Sys Launcher Pro

, you owe a debt to TokenMaster. While his original versions (like 2.8.2 or 3.x) often required a bit of a hunt for activation codes, they remain the bedrock for many FDL coding setups. Quick Tips for 2026: Check your Token: Most shared versions now come with a "Lifetime" or 50-year .EST token Keep PSDZData Fresh:

Your launcher is only as good as your data files. Make sure you're on the latest Lite or Full version. Don't Forget the Date: Step 3: Staking into the Master Node Navigate

Some older Launcher Premium versions require your laptop date set back to 2018 to function! Still using the classic Launcher, or have you switched to BimmerUtility ? Let's talk in the comments. Option 3: The "Technical Guide" Snippet Technical blogs or documentation updates. Troubleshooting E-Sys Launcher & Token Issues Invalid Token Errors:

Often caused by using a token generated for a different Launcher version (e.g., trying a 2.8.1 token on 2.9.x). Activation Loops: If E-Sys prompts for a PIN repeatedly, it usually means the token path is not correctly set in the Launcher's options. TokenBuster:

A community-made tool often used alongside TokenMaster’s Launcher to generate 50-year tokens and response codes for older versions. for these tools or specific coding cheat sheets for your car model? E-SYS Launcher + Token Master [BUNDLE] [LIFETIME TOKEN]

Understanding E-Sys TokenMaster: A Technical Overview of BMW Coding Infrastructure Introduction In the BMW enthusiast community, " TokenMaster

" refers to the anonymous developer who created the essential E-Sys Launcher software. This software serves as a critical bridge for the official BMW engineering software, E-Sys, allowing users to perform advanced vehicle coding that is otherwise restricted. The Role of E-Sys and the Mapping Problem

E-Sys is the primary tool used by BMW engineers for programming and coding F, G, and I-series vehicles. However, BMW began "trimming" the descriptive text from its CAFD (Configuration Files) in late 2014. This meant that instead of seeing readable options like "Video in Motion," users only saw meaningless dots and numbers. How TokenMaster’s Launcher Works

TokenMaster developed a series of "Launchers" (Premium and Pro versions) to solve this obfuscation.

CAFD Mapping: The Launcher uses a database of older, untrimmed files to dynamically map the descriptive text back into the E-Sys interface.

Token Generation: E-Sys requires an .est token to authorize FDL (Function Data List) coding. TokenMaster's software generates these tokens, enabling users to bypass factory security.

Enhanced Functionality: Versions like Launcher PRO V5 include integrated tools like NCDCAFDTOOL for comparing vehicle configuration files (FA) and viewing detailed coding options. Versions and Availability

Over the years, various versions have been released, often accompanied by complex activation requirements:

Launcher Premium: Initially a free version for non-commercial use, now largely expired or requiring "re-arm" scripts to function.

Launcher Pro (V2.8.2, V3.x, V5.x): Paid versions offering better support for newer vehicle models and more stable mapping.

TokenBuster: A community-developed alternative used to activate older TokenMaster software after official support ended. Modern Alternatives

Due to TokenMaster's sporadic availability and the continuous evolution of BMW's software, many users have moved toward newer solutions:

BimmerUtility: A modern, paid application that provides the most up-to-date CAFD mapping for newer E-Sys versions and G-series cars.

EsysPlus: Another third-party launcher often cited as a functional alternative for newer firmware.

The Legacy of TokenMaster and the E-Sys Launcher In the world of BMW enthusiast coding, few names are as legendary or as controversial as TokenMaster

. For years, TokenMaster was the primary gatekeeper for anyone wanting to perform advanced FDL coding

(Function Data List) on F-series and G-series BMWs using the official BMW engineering software, The Role of E-Sys Launcher

E-Sys is a powerful tool used by BMW engineers, but it has two major hurdles for the average enthusiast: Token Requirement : The software requires a digital signature (an token) to save and sign coding changes. Trimmed Data

: Starting around 2014 (PSdZData 54.2), BMW "trimmed" the descriptive text from the coding files (CAFD), leaving only cryptic hex codes that made manual coding nearly impossible. TokenMaster solved these issues by creating E-Sys Launcher

(Premium and Pro). This "bolt-on" application provided an invisible token solution and dynamically mapped the trimmed data back into E-Sys, restoring the descriptive German text so users knew what they were changing. The "Charity-Ware" Model

TokenMaster originally offered a "Premium" version for free and a "Pro" version in exchange for a donation to charity

. This made him a hero in the community, as he essentially unlocked professional-grade tools for thousands of hobbyists. However, the system relied on TokenMaster manually responding to emails with activation codes, a process that became increasingly unreliable over time. Bimmerpost End of Life and Community Controversy

Around 2017–2018, TokenMaster began to withdraw from the community. Many of his tools contained "time bombs"—hard-coded expiration dates that caused the software to stop working unless users reverted their system clocks or used third-party "re-arm" scripts. By late 2017, the developer declared the software End of Life . This led to a split in the community: E-SYS Launcher + Token Master [BUNDLE] [LIFETIME TOKEN]

The Roadmap: What's Next for ESYS Token Master?

The development team has released a 24-month roadmap that promises to expand the Master's capabilities.

Q3 2025: Launch of ESYS Master Card—a crypto debit card that allows you to spend staked ESYS tokens without unstaking them first (powered by a collateralized debt position).

Q1 2026: Introduction of Master AI—a large language model (LLM) trained on on-chain data that can answer questions like, "What is the optimal time to harvest my rewards today?" via a chat interface.

Q4 2026: The Master Metaverse—a virtual trading floor where ESYS holders can interact, share strategies, and visualize their portfolio in 3D space using VR headsets.

Strategy 1: The Compound King

Set your staking rewards to auto-compound every 60 minutes via the Master's "Turbo Mode." While this increases gas fees slightly, the exponential growth over 12 months can yield 40% more than manual compounding.

2. Introduction

In modern digital infrastructures, the shift from monolithic applications to microservices and distributed architectures has necessitated robust Identity and Access Management (IAM) solutions. The ESYS Token Master serves as the security cornerstone of the ESYS environment. It functions as a Security Token Service (STS), decoupling authentication (verifying identity) from authorization (verifying permissions).

3.1 Core Components

Security best practices (warding charms)